Python 数据类型
列表 (List)
创建列表
python
# 创建空列表
empty_list = []
empty_list = list()
# 创建有初始值的列表
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
mixed = [1, "hello", 3.14, True]访问列表元素
python
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# 正向索引
print(fruits[0]) # "apple"
print(fruits[1]) # "banana"
# 负向索引
print(fruits[-1]) # "cherry"
print(fruits[-2]) # "banana"
# 切片
print(fruits[1:3]) # ["banana", "cherry"]
print(fruits[:2]) # ["apple", "banana"]
print(fruits[1:]) # ["banana", "cherry"]列表操作
python
fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]
# 添加元素
fruits.append("orange") # 在末尾添加
fruits.insert(1, "grape") # 在指定位置插入
# 修改元素
fruits[0] = "red apple"
# 删除元素
fruits.remove("banana") # 删除指定值
del fruits[0] # 删除指定索引
popped = fruits.pop() # 删除并返回末尾元素
# 列表长度
length = len(fruits)
# 列表排序
numbers = [3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9]
numbers.sort() # 升序
numbers.sort(reverse=True) # 降序元组 (Tuple)
创建元组
python
# 创建元组
colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
single = (1,) # 单个元素必须加逗号
# 也可以不加括号
fruits = "apple", "banana", "cherry"元组特点
元组是不可变的(immutable):
python
colors = ("red", "green", "blue")
# colors[0] = "yellow" # 错误!元组不能修改字典 (Dictionary)
创建字典
python
# 创建字典
person = {
"name": "John",
"age": 30,
"city": "New York"
}
# 空字典
empty_dict = {}
empty_dict = dict()访问字典元素
python
person = {"name": "John", "age": 30, "city": "New York"}
# 通过键访问
print(person["name"]) # "John"
print(person.get("age")) # 30
# 获取所有键
keys = person.keys()
# 获取所有值
values = person.values()
# 获取所有键值对
items = person.items()字典操作
python
person = {"name": "John", "age": 30}
# 添加/修改元素
person["city"] = "New York"
person["age"] = 31
# 删除元素
del person["city"]
person.pop("age")
# 检查键是否存在
if "name" in person:
print("存在")集合 (Set)
创建集合
python
# 创建集合
fruits = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}
empty_set = set()
# 从列表创建
numbers = set([1, 2, 3, 4, 5])集合操作
python
a = {1, 2, 3, 4}
b = {3, 4, 5, 6}
# 并集
union = a | b # {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
# 交集
intersection = a & b # {3, 4}
# 差集
difference = a - b # {1, 2}
# 添加元素
fruits.add("orange")
# 删除元素
fruits.remove("banana")类型转换
python
# 转换为整数
int("123") # 123
int(3.14) # 3
# 转换为浮点数
float("3.14") # 3.14
float(10) # 10.0
# 转换为字符串
str(123) # "123"
str(3.14) # "3.14"
# 转换为列表
list("hello") # ['h', 'e', 'l', 'l', 'o']
# 转换为元组
tuple([1, 2, 3]) # (1, 2, 3)
# 转换为集合
set([1, 2, 2, 3]) # {1, 2, 3}上一章: Python 基础语法
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